Artificial Intelligence – answers
1) Cognitive robotics
2) It has 1) sensors (to observe the environment, get information about the state of the environment around the robot) and 2) actuators (to act on the environment).
3) 1) Static robots (which stay in a fixed place, and see and sense move in front of them) and 2) mobile robots (which are able to move around the environment, have to see obstacles they’re going to avoid, and doors they’ve got to navigate through)
4) It usually does a fixed task or minor variations of some fixed task. It is quite precisely programmed to repeat over and over again that fixed task.
5) Over and over again.
6) By describing a robot arm that is programmed to paint a car. The arm can be moved through the actions that are best (optimum) for painting a car by a human operator. The robot remembers that sequence of moves and keeps re-playing them.
7) They have 1) a much higher understanding of what the state of the environment is, 2) multiple goals and 3) internal plans for meeting those goals
8) They do this via sensors – for instance 1) cameras or 2) distance sensors, 3) infra–red sensors, 4) sonar sensors, 5) vision analysis and 6) scene analysis of the visual image
9) The robot’s knowledge has to be ‘augmented’ by a model of the environment.
10) To interpret what he sees.
11) Lots of different capabilities.
12) a) If the fire alarm goes off he has a plan of action for exiting the house and
b) if he’s called to dinner he has another plan of action involving going downstairs and sitting down at the table and eating his meal.
13) The robot needs to have ‘a whole repertoire of different action plans that get triggered by events’.
14) They must be interpreted a) relative to a knowledge of what normally happens and b) what the environment is
15 A plan is ‘a programme with holes in it’.
16 It accesses one of several possible plans.
17 That it is not a complete sequence of steps – it has options (‘holes in it’).
18 The fact that there are associated pre-conditions on the use of that plan – feasibility pre-conditions – which have to be checked before they can be carried out.
19 That the robot ‘knows’ what to do, but not how to do it. At this point the robot accesses appropriate plans and has to make choices.
20 1) By underground – as long as it is not before 6 in the morning, when it starts running.
2) By taxi – as long as the robot has enough funds (or cash) to pay for it.
3) If all else fails, the professor can get there by asking his wife to drive him there in their private car. This is the ‘default‘ plan, and to do this he has to go down on bended knee to ask his wife for a lift there.
Note: There is a problem with this illustration – that the robot can hardly visit the professor at home and go down on its / his?? knees to ask a favour of the man’s wife…..
E G C I A D H B F
E He became interested in mathematical logic in his final year.
G He resolved to study logic and associated philosophy further.
C He graduated in mathematics at Durham University.
I He studied for another undergraduate degree in philosophy at Cambridge University.
A His fields of study there concentrated on philosophical and formal logic
D He taught mathematics for a few years at both university and school level.
H He decided to move into computing
B Eventually he ended up specialising in computational logic as a sub-branch of AI.
F He specialised specifically in the sub-category linked with robotics.
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